99. People often tend to think of polytunnels as being quite small. Polytunnel Greenhouses Gothic Greenhouses APR Greenhouse Kits for High Production Tunnel Greenhouses Nethouse Greenhouses Turnkey Projects Greenhouse Systems. From €700. 95 £79. Then slide 7/8″ pvc pipe that was 12 feet long through the brackets. They are sold in many sizes from mini polytunnels for gardens and allotments to large commercial polytunnels. polytunnel plastic . They’re perfect for exposed sites. 95 - €94. On the other hand, the cover will typically last three or four seasons in areas that see a lot of snow. They include the frame kit, all hardware, plastic and instructions. Save 9%. OK. The PT-30 is an innovative greenhouse. 18ft Wide X 60ft Long Large Commercial Heavy Duty Polytunnel Kit Professional. Heavy Duty Direct From Manufacturer Full Kit With Door. First Tunnels is the place to find everything that you require for your. This is the smallest one, the 8′ x 8′ Petite Greenhouse Panelized Kit. Product offerings include farm supplies, aquaponic, poultry supplies, agriculture products, animal housing, home improvement, commercial high tunnels and hoop houses, fodder growing kits, livestock care and greenhouse equipment, including garden. 50m-200m. Outsunny 6 x 3 x 2 m Polytunnel Greenhouse Pollytunnel Tent w/ Steel Frame White. There are many gardening tricks to guarantee a better yield. Palram - Canopia Harmony Silver Greenhouse - 6 x 4ft. This is the double door pack, if you require a single, click here. For our 12ft wide polytunnels, the. Stable. The dripper lines are spaced 30 cm apart and 15cm from the edge of the bed. All our polytunnels use large diameter galvanised steel tubing with strong interlocking joints. View more detail about the polytunnel kit >> Available standard polytunnel kits sizes: Width: 10ft, 12ft, 14ft, 16ft, 18ft Length: 13ft, 20ft, 27ft, 33ft, 40ft, 46ft, 52ft. Self assembly polytunnel kits from the Gardeners Delight range are available for the DIY enthusiast, all sizes available from polytunnelsdirect. 45 m, Transparent £33. The kit comes with a 16mm OD (1/2” ID) commercial dripline, with pressure compensating emitters positioned every 30cm (12”) along the pipe to ensure even irrigation over three runs per side. There are two options for the cover supplied with the mini polytunnel: polythene, as the name suggests, and netting. £1,013. Direct Polytunnels 14ft Wide x 18ft Long Conventional Polytunnel Kit All our Polytunnel Kits Include Everything you need to Start Growing FEATURES, SPECIFICATIONS & WHAT'S INCLUDED:. Caterpillar Tunnel Cross Brace Kit. 1m & 7. 01-0456 845-013 845-071. Our business is helping you grow! Whether you’re looking for a commercial greenhouse for. Once you have selected the size for your. 9FT Tall and has maximum working height throughout, full standing height from approx 1FT in. Protecting crops from pests and adverse weather, our polytunnels optimise climate conditions for your specific environment and needs. Add to Cart. We have called upon our 35+ years experience in the horticultural industry to bring you a specialist polytunnel guttering system. C $2,051. Poly, Net, and Fleece covers available. Polytunnel Prices. wide x 100 ft. Palram - Canopia | Chalet Greenhouse Kit. 312-024. Wider Scope Basic Principle: Build a wooden frame using 2 x 4 or 4 x 4 boards to the size of your Polytunnel’s base (so that the base frame rests in the center part of the wood throughout) Concrete corner and center stakes onto the ground, onto which you can fasten the frame. Available in lengths from 18 to 90 feet these are among our most popular polytunnels. Polytunnels kits come with a complete range of components and accessories which allow you to construct purpose-built protection to suit your garden shape and size and the type of plants you will be growing. 00 - A$900. Details of Polytunnel Kits Highlights What It Looks Like Read Reviews & Buy Now! Best 6 metre Polytunnel Kit: 6 metres long x 3 metres x 2 metres 6 sectioned frame on the 6-metre long version 2 metres high, 3 metres wide Super strong 25mm galvanized anti-rust 0. 45m. Heavy Duty Direct From Manufacturer Full Kit With Doors. 8ft (2. Free Shipping. 6 out of 5 stars 7. 90. Compare the pricing by various brands in this way. (Total length/Sheet Width) + 2 = Sheets Quantity (round up to whole sheets) For example, for a 6200mm length you would calculate 6200/1050 = 5. If you are considering buying a polytunnel, a kit can be a great way to go and save you hundreds of pounds on installation. 2Hi, We are Northern Polytunnels. These range from 10 to 18 feet wide with a variety of lengths of up to 90 feet. 95 - €134. Download Construction Guide - PDF;Components and Accessories. Add to Cart. **. com. D. Whatever the reason for the damage to your polytunnel cover, the good news is that repair is often possible. Most of the construction is already done. . 37. Buy it now. August 21, 2020. Our Gardener Range of 2m wide and 3m wide DIY/Self assembly kits are as popular as ever, in all corners of the UK and beyond. Free Home Delivery. Description. This is the perfect greenhouse starter kit for anyone from novice gardeners to expert growers. The 10ft wide is the most popular of the Premier Polytunnels garden polytunnel range. Choose Options. Side Rail Kit (Right Side) Timber Side Rail Kit (Right side) £160. Polythene Care Kit contains 1 roll of 2 inch, 3 inch and 4 inch repair tape and a 20 litre container of Algon Organic. Grow bigger plants, faster with our custom arched or round High Tunnel Greenhouse. Heavy duty polytunnel frame with zinc-rich hot dip. Our standard kits include an all-steel polytunnel frame – made from Z35 high tensile galvanised steel and using larger diameter steel hoops than our competitors for extra strength and rigidity – including foundation tubes, hoops, corner. We warmly welcome you to wholesale high-grade small polytunnel for home use kit made in China here from our factory. They're semi-circular structures with a door at one or both ends. Most can be joined end on end to form a longer tunnel and some. Whether you grow from earliest spring to late fall or run your production year-round, our season-extension supplies provide the versatility and durability you need to protect your crops from the elements. A Storm Strengthening Kit is a very simple method of adding strength to a polytunnel. 74 £ 1,028 . Complete Mini Polytunnel Kit With Bird Netting Cover. It can be used as a seasonal cold frame but is also heavy-duty enough to be used as an inexpensive, year-round High Tunnel growing structure. We like to keep things simple. The kit comes with a 16mm OD (1/2” ID) commercial dripline, with pressure compensating emitters positioned every 30cm (12”) along the pipe to ensure even irrigation over three runs per side. Self assembly Polytunnel Kit from our Commercial Polytunnel range is available for D. In this episode I show you how to build a polytunnel kit. 56 USD. polytunnel 120. BRAND NEW 10FT X 30FT STRAIGHT SIDED HEAVY DUTY POLYTUNNEL KIT. Direct Polytunnels Polytunnel kits direct from the manufacturer. Free Shipping. Polythene Care Kit contains 1 roll of 4 inch repair tape and a 2. 90% of light is transmitted through the polyethylene and it stays warm much longer than a greenhouse. Here at Direct Plants we manufacture our own polytunnel kits in various lengths and widths from 10-foot-wide which are ideal for smaller spaces right up to 18 feet wide polytunnels which are perfect for commercial growers. gst) Commercial grade polytunnel hoops are made in Melbourne from Australian steel. Greenhouse lean-to (30 pages) Greenhouse Kit Dancover GH16050 Manual. It is most often constructed using steel and is covered in a polythene cover. Polytunnel Kit – width 12ft (3. Our top tip would be to cover the bottom half of the door with. . This includes one aluminium sliding door, one door frame with adjustable ventilation screen, 5ft hoop spacing, screw anchors and aluminium base rail. €24. 95. Steel Endwall Kit (Both Ends) Starting at $373. All our Polytunnel Kits Include Everything you need to Start Growing. Add to cart. Livestock Shelter Polytunnel Kits Creating a livestock shelter by using a polytunnel provides an inexpensive and high-quality shelter protecting your livestock from the elements all year round. The pack contains: Diffused Polythene Door Cladding Pack. 7 yrs CN Supplier . One low-cost method of accomplishing this is to use low tunnels. It’s perfect for newbie polytunnel gardeners in the UKRidge tubes, which go along the top centre of the tunnel holding the hoops in place. Proven to grow plants faster than the competition, our High Tunnel Greenhouse Kit comes with everything you need to start growing. 00 Sale. Whether you want a small polytunnel greenhouse for your garden or you are looking for a professional polytunnel greenhouse with room for hundreds of commercially grown plants, you can find what you are looking. Buy it now. The variety of different coverings that can accompany garden and domestic polytunnel kits, from manufacturers and polytunnel suppliers. Every polytunnel we offer comes with a selection of optional extras, so you can shop for upgrades to suit your needs. The unique ground tube system on a five Star Polytunnel allows the hoop to be jacked up after covering, and the polythene fixing method of rolling the polythene onto batten around the door frame ensures a drum tight finish. Sliding Door Track 3. A polytunnel usually consists of a metallic, plastic, or wooden frame, covered with polythene or other similar materials. Our hobby greenhouse kits will help you get your green dreams growing. 1 - 2 Day Delivery Top Quality 30-Day Returns . Choose 5 Sizes Polytunnel + Ground Anchor Kit. Starting at $2,489. The quality products that you get in your kit, is far superior to what they used to be. Hobby Single Sliding Aluminium Door Kit 167. There is a wide range of sizes available. An 8x6’ greenhouse for example will look great in a small garden. Don’t just reach for your nearest duct or carpet tape roll though. Polytunnels are a type of greenhouse that are used to grow plants in a controlled environment. Simply bolt a P Clip around the joints where an outer leg meets an inne. For “The Mini” it is 6 rows of drip and is $245. Polytunnel Gutters provide an easy, cost-effective way of collecting rainwater from your polytunnel, ensuring you can always keep watering. Our polytunnel greenhouse range. You want 3. From: €1,650. Side Rail Kit (Right Side) Timber Side Rail Kit (Right side) £143. UV stabilised roof cover 180um. 00 1200 Series Gothic Arch Package. Gardening. Easy Build Double Door Fittings Pack. Double Doors and Door Frame for Garden Polytunnel From £130. Easy Gro Polytunnel range comes in a variety of sizes as shown above and are available in 840g or 1000g Thermic Polythene. Still, it is important as ever to find a reliable, good supplier. 05m x 6. Quite like traditional greenhouses a polytunnel. 41 postage. GreenlifeGRO provides greenhouse solutions to farmers and growers to help shield their crops while increasing yields. Heavy duty polytunnel frame with zinc-rich hot dip galvanization coat for durability. Even though it’s smaller than your average greenhouse, it works just as same. 90. Then add two sheets for the ends of the polycarbonate tunnels. They perform perfectly when it comes to extending seasons, and protect crops and plants from extreme weather. Tech Spec. The prices vary according to size and supplier. Previous Next. 0 /5 ·Customise your 18ft wide polytunnels with lots of additional options available such as length, cover type, irrigation, ventilation, door type and much more. The Farmers Friend Caterpillar Tunnel kit brings the benefits of greenhouse production to your farm in an easy-to-assemble and affordable package. 4. Polytunnels Direct is an Irish Company and Fully Insured. Commercial-sized Polytunnels traditionally start from 16 feet wide, 8 feet high, and 36 feet long. It is a straight-sided polytunnel. And the bigger the planting area the more money you’ll save by opting for a polytunnel. 1m) Wide Animal Housing Polytunnel Kit. GARDENING ACCESSORIES. Galvanized end frame package Galvanized end frame with door: 14' (3'. Stick that above the plank, bend the poly you are attaching to meet it. 15 Regular price $688. 10M wide Polytunnel Kit. 538 Reviews. A table displaying which months are best to sow, plant and harvest. The cost of building your own polytunnel is a fraction of what a kit costs. Custom High Tunnel Coldframe Greenhouse. If you're interested in erecting a polytunnel your. 🌱 🏡 With their UV treated design, they've been tailored to thrive under South. They are relatively easy to construct. £22. £34. Birchtree Polytunnel (6 x 3 x 2 m) This large Birchtree Polytunnel helps create a protective environment for plants, covering an extensive area and keeping them sheltered from strong winds. $2,895. Large Polytunnels. Buying a Polytunnel Kit. 6m x 3m (19ft 8in x 9ft 10in) Premium Polytunnel Galvanised Frame by New Leaf™. How long do polytunnels or hoop houses last? A polytunnel is made of two main components: the frame and the cover. £. 00. You’ll need PVC pipes or metal tubing for the frame, polythene sheeting for the cover, and various connectors and screws to hold everything together. Fast & Free shipping on many. 95. View more detail about the polytunnel kit >> Available standard polytunnel kits sizes: Width: 10ft, 12ft, 14ft, 16ft, 18ft Length: 13ft, 20ft, 27ft, 33ft, 40ft, 46ft, 52ft. 95. 01-0731. We can also supply shade netting for your doors as shown here. It will be able to withstand the. Polytunnel Greenhouse is an easy to setup structure with quick and easy installation. The 6ft wide polytunnels are built to the highest specification, matching the quality and using the same materials as those we offer in other sizes. Our Heavy Duty Full Installation Tunnel Package comes fully fitted and supplied with the following: Hoops: For our 20ft & 24ft wide tunnels we use 50ømm high tensile galvanized steel tube specifically made for polytunnel construction. Length may be anything from 12 to 90 feet. Made from 140 g PE fabric, with a galvanised steel metal frame, this tall 6 x 3 x 2 m polytunnel can cover a large flowerbed or vegetable patch. 147 sold. 92. Colonial Gable Greenhouse Kits comes in 8×8, 8×12, 8×16, 10×12, 10×14 or 10×16. 2K Share Save 32K views 1 year ago Shed builds, refurbishments and designs for your garden spaces In this. See Options. Everything you need to improve or repair your polytunnel is available from Northern Polytunnels. 5m for the centre, mark it on the poly so it is easy to centre on the board. Toggle menu. RAISED BEDS. Buy & Sell on Ireland's Largest All Sections Marketplace. Our polytunnel kits are available in varying sizes from 8ft wide up to 30ft wide, ensuring that we have a polytunnel for everyone from hobby growers up to commercial needs. 5 litre container of Algon Organic. Commercial Horticulture. Polytunnels. Delite Garden 6x3x2M polytunnel greenhouse provides passive solar heating. Our Polytunnel kits come with all your steel work, polythene cover, hot spot tape, base rail system including dips, two door frames and one door and air vent screen. Polytunnels can potentially be moveable and are generally always have a curved roof. Once you get into the groove of polytunnel growing, you probably won’t look back! Compared to their close cousin the greenhouse, a polytunnel covers a lot of square feet - allowing you to grow a range of crops. These classically designed 14ft wide polytunnels are aerodynamically shaped to withstand high winds and storms. 18FT Wide X 30FT Long. Description from Sage Horticultural 2. Useful Extas. T Bracket for Mini Polytunnel €2. September 1, 2020. The lintel can be reduced in order to fit a variation of Domestic Door widths and will need to be cut. See full list on epicgardening. The first step is to gather all the necessary materials. It was after we had 5 weeks of rain one summer. R FIRST TUNNELS Dixon Street, Barrowford Lancashire BB9 8PL Telephone 012 8 2 6 012 5 3 Facsimile 012 8 2 612 4 2 0 Email sales@FirstTunnels. Description. Effortlessly Grow Fresh Produce with the 3m Greenhouse UV Polytunnel Kit Introducing the 3m Greenhouse UV Polytunnel Kit, the ultimate solution for home gardeners and small-scale farmers looking to. Building your own polytunnel from a kit can save you hundreds of pounds in construction costs. Due to its thickness will be sturdier and last longer than the thinner and less pricey polytunnel exterior option. The material for this particular DIY polytunnel will cost you roughly $40 and takes less than 30 minutes to construct. + UV treated, 8mil (0. VonHaus Polytunnel Greenhouse - Walk-In Polytunnel Tent with Steel Frame. Every polytunnel we offer comes with a selection of optional extras, so you can shop for upgrades to suit your needs. With a mini polytunnel protecting your crops, you will also find that you add at least 6 to 8 weeks of growing time to your garden. Poly, Net, and Fleece covers available. FREE Delivery. Polytunnel kits for schools 15%0ffTHE KITS. Rest assured you will have enough polythene left over from your polytunnel kit to provide the coverings for your new doors. The most reliable way of building a polytunnel is to purchase a kit online. Large Outdoor Polytunnel Greenhouse with Heavy Duty Steel Frame, for Garden Plant Tomato Growhouse Hot House, 2m/3m/4m/5m/6m Long Walk in Greenhouse Tunnel (. Other adhesive tapes can be used to cover the metal frame and. The mini polytunnel from first Tunnels is 4ft wide and 10ft long. Mini polytunnels can be fixed to raised beds to create a compact. This polytunnel greenhouse structure allows for excellent ventilation. Product offerings include farm supplies, aquaponic, poultry supplies, agriculture products, animal housing, home improvement, commercial high tunnels and hoop houses, fodder growing kits, livestock care and greenhouse equipment, including garden carts and poly film. Extend the growing season, produce salad crops throughout the year and enjoy really early and late fresh fruit and vegetables. 58 139. Size. Delivery of. Mark out position of the foundation tubes or ground sockets, starting with the corners, ensuring the diagonals are equal. Propagation Gels Clonex Esi Root Progel Rootex Transformers Thermostats Heated Propagation Trays. As standard, they have proper inch thick galvanised poles, timber base rails, ground anchors that actually work and two hinged doors. Whats a 'Real Polytunnel' ?. Sufficient polythene is provided for the door covering as part of all the polytunnel kits. Steel Diameter: 38mm. 00 £94. . Our structures are simple to assemble and offer great climate control through clever design, excellent ventilation and quality materials. AU $13. 3 out of 5 stars 1,265. The kit comes with a 16mm OD (1/2” ID) commercial dripline, with pressure compensating emitters positioned every 30cm (12”) along the pipe to ensure even irrigation over three runs per side. Available in lengths from 18 to 90 feet these are among our most popular polytunnels. . But they contain everything you need to build the structure. £249. 10FT Wide X 24FT Long; 7FT6 Tall working height throughout with 2FT 9 straight sides (slow gradual curve to 7FT 6, giving maximum head height) perfect. You can buy complete polytunnel kits, which include the door and frame from around £300. $ 0. Straight Side: 3ft. Product Options: Grow bigger plants, faster with our High Tunnel Greenhouse Kit: the perfect all-in-one greenhouse kit for anyone from novice gardeners to expert growers. Side ventilation comes with a cover which can be opened or closed using this handle. . Complete Mini Polytunnel Kit With Mesh Net Cover. Round Frame and Cover Kit. They are generally available in a range of sizes to fit small and large spaces. Commercial Horticulture. 53 sold. 45m x 3m x 0. To secure it you can either attach it to the base rail if you have one (as most pre-made kits will), or simply bury a skirt of polythene in a trench approximately 30cm deep. Excellent for growers looking to extend the season. A polytunnel is not a poor man's greenhouse, it is a tool that allows you to grow things more successfully than you ever thought possible. Roll-up doors (front and back) 🚪. Made in Melbourne, our frame structure is fully galvanised Australian steel, rails and plinths are Australian kiln dried treated pine, covering materials are Gro Tuff UV stabilised 3 ply laminated. 6ft Garden Polytunnel Greenhous. 5mm Wall Thickness Z35 High Tensile Galvanised Tube As used to manufacture all our Polytunnel kits. Protect your plants from the elements with the 3m x 2m polytunnel. 99. Our kits use pressure treated timber for the frame and thick plastic tubing to create the structure. There is a range of different-width polytunnels for sale that will allow domestic gardeners to create an undercover growing area and produce more of their own, fresh food and beautiful plants. Delite Garden 6x3x2M polytunnel greenhouse also protects crops and flowers from intense heat, cold. Tomatoes are a warm-season crop and grow best in temperatures ranging from 65-85 degrees Fahrenheit ( 18-28 °C). 58 (Inc. VonHaus Polytunnel Greenhouse – 3m x 2m Walk in Pollytunnel Tent – Heavy Duty Weatherproof 6m² Poly Tunnel for Garden and Outdoor – Steel Frame and Steel Frame Door – Insect Proof Roll Up Mesh Windows. Supplied as a complete unit ready for assembly onto a soil base and includes ALL of the following: An all-steel framework – made using LARGER diameter. We bought a very cheap kitset polytunnel from Trademe in 2014. Ideal for both polytunnels and raised beds. In this video. Polythene Type: Professional Horticultural Industry Grade. At the time of purchase we provide step-by-step self-assembly instructions. Head Room at 1ft in from Side: 5ft 2in. Timber side rails are exactly the same as base rails, but these rails are placed around the polytunnel framework at the top of. The framework sections are cut to size and polythene and netting is included so you can choose all netting, all polythene or half and half. $93. Delivery of Polythene Polytunnel Cover Material is £12. 6mm foundation tubes. 73x1. For Polytunnels 20ft in width and wider, please choose from our commercial Polytunnel section. The hoop diameter is specified with all polytunnels, and is relevant to the overall strength of the structure, the thicker the hoop the stronger it tends to be. The kits are supplied with plenty of pipe and fittings for both sides of the polytunnel. Outsunny 3 x 3 x 2 m Polytunnel Greenhouse with Roll-up Side Walls, Walk-in Grow House Tent with Steel Frame, Reinforced Cover, Zippered Door and Windows for Garden and Backyard, White. Product Name. 5, on the straight side (3ft 7inch x 1ft 9 inch). Everything you need to make your polytunnel door into a sliding door. Polythene Repair Tape Greenhouse Polytunnel Clear Waterproof Heavy Duty. This means no future. $23. Overall Height: 6ft 4in. It is a straight-sided polytunnel. £84. They are per square metre less expensive than glass or polycarbonate greenhouses . Heavy Duty Direct From Manufacturer Full Kit (No Doors) £799. Start here!Polytunnel greenhouses are a fantastic alternative to the classic greenhouses. August 25, 2020 admin. Length. EXPRESS 1-2 DAY DELIVERY AS STANDARD. 74 FREE delivery 7 - 13 SeptTechnical Guideline for a 14 feet (4. Polythene Care Kit contains 1 roll of 2 inch, 3 inch and 4 inch repair tape and a 20 litre container of Algon Organic. 00 £64. 12x30ft = £875. 3m Long x 33mm OD Z35 High Tensile Galvanised Tube. Building your own. Generally the largest size of polytunnel for a domestic dwelling, this polytunnel will give you all the space you need to grow food for your family all year round. The Farmers Friend Caterpillar Tunnel kit brings the benefits of greenhouse production to your farm in an easy-to-assemble and affordable package. Ring for free friendly advice 01363 84948. Add to Cart Compare. Your Polytunnel kit includes: Half hoops, which join in the centre. Our Allotment Tunnel range are made from 26. Ideal for both polytunnels and raised beds. Discover All polytunnel Ads in All Sections For Sale in Ireland on DoneDeal. 4mm X 2. Roll-up side windows with insect net 🌬️. 00 £121. . 06. Small Polytunnel Kit Suppliers – Tunnel Greenhouse – Ningdi Detail: Quick Details. 18ft Wide X 54ft Long Large Commercial Heavy Duty Polytunnel Kit Professional. 4m (13ft) wide polytunnel for residential & communal farming applications. com. Our in-house design team are always innovating new products using the latest state-of-the-art 3D computer modelling system and structural analysis software. Greenhouses come in a range of widths and lengths, in 2ft (60cm) increments. Complete Mini Polytunnel Kit With Bird Netting Cover. Standard hoop diametre ranges from. polytunnel polythene . They are a flexible and affordable addition to any growing set-up that will facilitate increased crop variety and yield. We currently offer three GrowHoops: a “mini” greenhouse, one that is 55 feet long and one that is 105 feet long. 00 £52. 44m x 4. Ideal for both polytunnels and raised beds. Y enthusiasts. Distance Over Hoop: 19ft 10in. Collecting rainwat. MPN: Does Not Apply. . 00 £102. Add to Wishlist. URBAN. The kit comes with a 16mm OD (1/2” ID) commercial dripline, with pressure compensating emitters positioned every 30cm (12”) along the pipe to ensure even irrigation over three runs per side. VAT. SALE! $3,281. Large Outdoor Polytunnel Greenhouse with Heavy Duty Steel Frame, for Garden Plant Tomato Growhouse Hot House, 2m/3m/4m/5m/6m Long Walk in Greenhouse Tunnel ( Color : White , Size : 600x200x200cm ) $69518. 4. £149. how to build a polytunnel . Mini Polytunnel kits and raised bed covers that can be attached to any raised bed or used directly on the ground. We can go as small as 8 feet wide x 20 feet long x 8 1/2 feet high or as big as 38 feet wide, 15 feet high and 100 feet long. Some of the new, reinforced covers will last longer. These high quality complete Polytunnel kits are available in a range of sizes and are ready for assembly onto a grass or soil base.